Cardiac surgery, often known as cardiovascular surgery, is surgery done on the heart or major blood arteries by cardiac surgeons. It is frequently used to treat ischemic heart disease consequences (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to rectify congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease caused by a variety of conditions such as endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Heart transplantation is also included.